BibliografíaCHAPTER 15. VIDEOGAMES, AGGRESSION, AND RECKLESSNESS
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8. These effects were also more marked for men than for women. Given the far higher levels of testosterone in the male body, a tendency for aggression will be much more easily realized (Hasan, Y., Bègue, L., and Bushman, B. J. [2012]. Viewing the world through “blood-red tinted glasses”: The hostile expectation bias mediates the link between violent videogame exposure and aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, no. 4, 953–956. doi:10: 1016/j.jesp.2011:12.019).
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15. Ferguson, C. J., and Kilburn, J. (2010). Much ado about nothing: The misestimation and overinterpretation of violent videogame effects in Eastern and Western nations: Comment on Anderson et al. (2010). Psychological Bulletin 136, no. 2, 174–178. doi:10:1037/a0018566.
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27. Kasanin, J. S. (Ed.) (1944). Language and thought in schizophrenia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. In the case of schizophrenics, where there is an imbalance of modulating, fountaining chemicals such as dopamine, it might be that excessive release of these powerful agents can suppress the connectivity, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (Ferron, A., Thierry, A. M., Le Douarin, C., and Glowinski, J. [1984] Inhibitory influence of the mesocortical dopaminergic system on spontaneous activity or excitatory response induced from the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Research 302, 257–265. doi:10:1016/0006–8993(84)90238–5. Gao, W. J., Wang, Y., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. [2003]. Dopamine modulation of perisomatic and peridendritic inhibition in prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 23, no. 5, 1622–1630. Retrieved from http://neurobio.drexel.edu/GaoWeb/papers/J.%20Neurosci.%202003.pdf), reducing the robustness of cognitive processes and thus enhancing disproportionately the impact of the incoming senses (Greenfield, S.A. [2001]. The private life of the brain: Emotions, consciousness, and the secret of the self. New York: Wiley).
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35. Kelly, C. R., Grinband, J., Hirsch, J. (2007). Repeated exposure to media violence is associated with diminished response in an inhibitory frontolimbic network. PLOS ONE 2, no. 12, e1268. doi:10:1371/journal.pone.0001268.
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37. A subsequent study looking specifically at gaming addiction showed abnormalities in cortical thickness. Specifically, increased cortical thickness was found in a range of regions, which correlated with the duration of the gaming addiction (Yuan, K., Cheng, P., Dong, T., Bi, Y., Xing, L., Yu, D., … and Tian, J. [2013]. Cortical thickness abnormalities in late adolescence with online gaming addiction. PLOS ONE 8, no. 1, e53055. doi:10:1371/journal.pone.0053055).
38. Kim, Y. R., Son, J. W., Lee, S. I., Shin, C. J., Kim, S. K., Ju, G., … and Ha, T. H. (2012). Abnormal brain activation of adolescent Internet addict in a ballthrowing animation task: Possible neural correlates of disembodiment revealed by fMRI. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 1, 88–95. doi:10:1016/j.pnpbp.2012:05.013.