рдЧреНрд░рдиреНрдерд╕реВрдЪреАCHAPTER 15. VIDEOGAMES, AGGRESSION, AND RECKLESSNESS
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8. These effects were also more marked for men than for women. Given the far higher levels of testosterone in the male body, a tendency for aggression will be much more easily realized (Hasan, Y., B├иgue, L., and Bushman, B. J. [2012]. Viewing the world through тАЬblood-red tinted glassesтАЭ: The hostile expectation bias mediates the link between violent videogame exposure and aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, no. 4, 953тАУ956. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ 1016/тАЛj.тАЛjesp.тАЛ2011:тАЛ12.тАЛ019).
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11. Anderson, C. A., Sakamoto, A., Gentile, D. A., Ihori, N., Shibuya, A., Yukawa, S., тАж and Kobayashi, K. (2008). Longitudinal effects of violent videogames on aggression in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics 122, no. 5, e1067тАУe1072. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1542/тАЛpeds.тАЛ2008-1425.
12. M├╢ller, I., and Krah├й, B. (2009). Exposure to violent videogames and aggression in German adolescents: A longitudinal analysis. Aggressive Behavior 35, no. 1, 75тАУ89. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1002/тАЛab.тАЛ20290.
13. Wallenius, M., and Punam├дki, R. L. (2008). Digital game violence and direct aggression in adolescence: A longitudinal study of the roles of sex, age, and parent-child communication. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 29, no. 4, 286тАУ294. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1016/тАЛj.тАЛappdev.тАЛ2008:тАЛ04.тАЛ010.
14. Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., тАж and Saleem, M. (2010). Violent videogame effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 136, no. 2, 151. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1037/тАЛa0018251.
15. Ferguson, C. J., and Kilburn, J. (2010). Much ado about nothing: The misestimation and overinterpretation of violent videogame effects in Eastern and Western nations: Comment on Anderson et al. (2010). Psychological Bulletin 136, no. 2, 174тАУ178. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1037/тАЛa0018566.
16. Bushman, B. J., Rothstein, H. R., and Anderson, C. A. (2010). Much ado about something: Violent videogame effects and a school of red herring: Reply to Ferguson and Kilburn (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136, no. 2, 182тАУ187. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1037/тАЛa0018718.
17. Ferguson, 2009. Gunter, W. D., and Daly, K. (2012). Causal or spurious: Using propensity score matching to detangle the relationship between violent videogames and violent behavior. Computers in Human Behavior 28, no. 4, 1348тАУ1355. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1016/тАЛj.тАЛchb.тАЛ2012:тАЛ02.тАЛ020.
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27. Kasanin, J. S. (Ed.) (1944). Language and thought in schizophrenia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. In the case of schizophrenics, where there is an imbalance of modulating, fountaining chemicals such as dopamine, it might be that excessive release of these powerful agents can suppress the connectivity, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (Ferron, A., Thierry, A. M., Le Douarin, C., and Glowinski, J. [1984] Inhibitory influence of the mesocortical dopaminergic system on spontaneous activity or excitatory response induced from the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Research 302, 257тАУ265. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1016/тАЛ0006тАУтАЛ8993(84)тАЛ90238тАУтАЛ5. Gao, W. J., Wang, Y., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. [2003]. Dopamine modulation of perisomatic and peridendritic inhibition in prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 23, no. 5, 1622тАУ1630. Retrieved from http://тАЛneurobio.тАЛdrexel.тАЛedu/тАЛGaoWeb/тАЛpapers/тАЛJ.тАЛ%20Neurosci.тАЛ%202003.тАЛpdf), reducing the robustness of cognitive processes and thus enhancing disproportionately the impact of the incoming senses (Greenfield, S.A. [2001]. The private life of the brain: Emotions, consciousness, and the secret of the self. New York: Wiley).
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37. A subsequent study looking specifically at gaming addiction showed abnormalities in cortical thickness. Specifically, increased cortical thickness was found in a range of regions, which correlated with the duration of the gaming addiction (Yuan, K., Cheng, P., Dong, T., Bi, Y., Xing, L., Yu, D., тАж and Tian, J. [2013]. Cortical thickness abnormalities in late adolescence with online gaming addiction. PLOS ONE 8, no. 1, e53055. doi:тАЛ10:тАЛ1371/тАЛjournal.тАЛpone.тАЛ0053055).
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