प्रस्तावना

प्रत्येक टीम के पास कई विकल्प हैं, उन सभी को यहां सूचीबद्ध नहीं किया जाएगा। आप हमेशा कमांड के बारे में अधिक जानने के लिए ` man <कमांड> ` या ` <कमांड> --help` दर्ज कर सकते हैं।

एक उदाहरण:

[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.   -m, --mode=MODE  set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask   -p, --parents   no error if existing, make parent directories as needed   -v, --verbose   print a message for each created directory   -Z          set SELinux security context of each created directory                          to the default type       --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux                          or SMACK security context to CTX       --help   display this help and exit       --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation' 

यदि किसी कमांड को पूरा होने में बहुत लंबा समय लगता है, तो इसे कंसोल में Ctrl + C दबाकर पूरा किया जा सकता है (एक SIGINT सिग्नल को प्रक्रिया में भेजा जाता है)।

कमांड आउटपुट के बारे में थोड़ा सा

 [user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 

 [user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log 

 [user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2 root   1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ?    Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc 531   1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2  S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker 

बेसिक लिनक्स कमांड

लोक निर्माण विभाग

 [user@testhost ~]$ pwd /home/user 

तिथि

 [user@testhost ~]$ date Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019 [user@testhost ~]$ date +%s 1576503430 

w

 [user@testhost ~]$ w 05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05 USER   TTY FROM       LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT user   pts/0 32.175.94.241  05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00sw 

ls

 [user@testhost ~]$ pwd /home/user [user@testhost ~]$ ls qqq [user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user qqq [user@testhost ~]$ ls / bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr / total 4194416 drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Jan 6 2012 srv drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Jan 6 2012 media drwx------  2 root root  16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Oct 1 2017 local drwxr-xr-x  13 root root    4096 Oct 1 2017 usr drwxr-xr-x  11 root root    4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup drwxr-xr-x  4 root root   4096 Apr 10 2018 run -rw-------  1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap dr-xr-xr-x  10 root root    4096 Dec 13 2018 lib drwxr-xr-x  6 root root   4096 Mar 7 2019 opt drwxr-xr-x  20 root root    4096 Mar 19 2019 var dr-xr-xr-x  10 root root   12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64 dr-xr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Apr 9 2019 bin dr-xr-xr-x  4 root root   4096 Apr 9 2019 boot dr-xr-xr-x  2 root root  12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root     0 Jul 2 10:19 proc drwxr-xr-x  34 root root    4096 Oct 28 13:27 home drwxr-xr-x  93 root root    4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc dr-xr-x---  11 root root    4096 Nov 1 13:02 root dr-xr-xr-x  13 root root     0 Nov 13 20:28 sys drwxr-xr-x  16 root root    2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev drwxrwxrwt  3 root root   4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp 

 [user@testhost home]$ pwd /home [user@testhost home]$ ls .. bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var [user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/ qqq 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls -a . .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh total 16K -rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1 drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test 

सीडी

 [user@testhost ~]$ pwd /home/user [user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/ [user@testhost home]$ pwd /home 

 [user@testhost etc]$ pwd /etc [user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/ [user@testhost test]$ pwd /home/user/test 

mkdir

 [user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test [user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr total 38184 -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq drwxrwxr-x 2 user user   4096 Nov 26 10:29 test 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls qqq test [user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest mkdir: cannot create directory 'test2/subtest': No such file or directory [user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest [user@testhost ~]$ ls qqq test test2 [user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/ subtest [user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest mkdir: cannot create directory 'test2/subtest': File exists [user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest [user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/ subtest 

rm

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls qqq test test2 [user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq [user@testhost ~]$ ls test test2 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls test test2 [user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/ total 4 -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user  0 Nov 26 10:40 temp drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir [user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2 [user@testhost ~]$ ls test 

cp

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls temp test [user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone [user@testhost ~]$ ls temp temp_clone test 

mv

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr total 4 drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user  0 Nov 26 10:45 temp -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user  0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone [user@testhost ~]$ ls test [user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed [user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/ [user@testhost ~]$ ls temp test_renamed [user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/ temp_clone 

बिल्ली

 [user@testhost ~]$ cat temp Content of a file. Lalalala... 

पूंछ

 [user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp Lalalala... 

कम

 [user@testhost ~]$ less temp 

 [user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less 

ps

 [user@testhost ~]$ ps    PID TTY     TIME CMD 761020 pts/2  00:00:00 bash 809720 pts/2  00:00:00 ps 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5 USER     PID %CPU %MEM  VSZ RSS TTY  STAT START TIME COMMAND root      1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02  0:10 /sbin/init root      2 0.0 0.0  0 0 ? S  Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd] root      4 0.0 0.0  0 0 ? I<  Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H] root      6 0.0 0.0  0 0 ? I<  Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq] 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf   PPID   PID PGID   SID TTY TPGID STAT  UID TIME COMMAND      0    2 0    0 ? -1 S    0 0:03 [kthreadd]      2    4 0    0 ? -1 I<    0 0:00 \_ [kworker/0:0H]      2    6 0    0 ? -1 I<    0 0:00 \_ [mm_percpu_wq]      2    7 0    0 ? -1 S    0 4:08 \_ [ksoftirqd/0] ... ... ...      1  4293  4293 4293 tty6    4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6      1 532967 532964 532964 ?       -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid 532967 532970 532964 532964 ?   -1 Sl 495 803:06 \_ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid      1 537162 533357 532322 ?       -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1 537162 537177 537177 537177 ?   -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 \_ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml 537177 537579 537579 537177 ?   -1 Sl 0 4:48 |  \_ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971 537579 537642 537642 537642 ?   -1 Ss 1000 32:11 |  | \_ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf 537642 539764 539764 537642 ?   -1 S 1000 0:00 |  | \_ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done 537642 539767 539767 537642 ?   -1 S 1000 5:09 |  | \_ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf) 539767 783097 539767 537642 ?   -1 S 1000 0:00 |  | | \_ php-fpm: pool test 539767 783131 539767 537642 ?   -1 S 1000 0:00 |  | | \_ php-fpm: pool test 539767 783185 539767 537642 ?   -1 S 1000 0:00 |  | | \_ php-fpm: pool test ... ... ... 

मार

 [user@testhost ~]$ ps ux USER     PID %CPU %MEM  VSZ RSS TTY  STAT START TIME COMMAND 531   1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ?    S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1 531   1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1  Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash 531   1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ?    R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2 531   1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2  Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash 531   1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1  S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300 531   1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2  R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux [user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727 [user@testhost ~]$ ps ux USER     PID %CPU %MEM  VSZ RSS TTY  STAT START TIME COMMAND 531   1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ?    S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1 531   1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1  Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash 531   1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ?    R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2 531   1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2  Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash 531   1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2  R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep 531   1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1  S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300 531   1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2  S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep [user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930 [user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep 531   1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2  S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep 

पिंग

 [user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms 64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms 64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms 64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms 64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms ^C --- google.com ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms 64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms 64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms --- google.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms 

ssh

 MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh user@11.11.22.22 Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host [user@testhost ~]$ hostname testhost 

SCP

 [user@testhost ~]$ pwd /home/user [user@testhost ~]$ ls temp test_renamed [user@testhost ~]$ exit logout Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed. MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp user@11.11.22.22:/home/user/temp Downloads/ temp                                                                                                    100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00 MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp Content of a file. Lalalala... 

rsync

 MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads receiving file list ... done user/ user/.bash_history user/.bash_logout user/.bash_profile user/.bashrc user/.lesshst user/.mongorc.js user/.viminfo user/1 user/man_signal user/man_signal_error_log user/temp user/.ssh/ user/.ssh/authorized_keys user/test/ user/test/created_today user/test/temp_clone sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95 MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user .          .bash_history .bash_profile    .lesshst .ssh 1          man_signal_error_log test ..          .bash_logout .bashrc       .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal      temp 

गूंज

 [user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello" Hello 

 [user@testhost ~]$ echo "\tHello\n" \tHello\n [user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "\tHello\n" \tHello\n[user@testhost ~]$ [user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "\tHello\n" Hello 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls  #    1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test [user@testhost ~]$ echo $?  #  0 —    0 [user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty  #   ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory [user@testhost ~]$ echo $?  #  2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation) 2 [user@testhost ~]$ echo $?  #  echo   ,  0 0 

टेलनेट

 [user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80 Trying 93.184.216.34... Connected to example.com. Escape character is '^]'. GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: max-age=604800 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident" Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B) Vary: Accept-Encoding X-Cache: HIT Content-Length: 1256 ...    ,     ... 

 [user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443 CONNECTED(00000003) depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA verify return:1 depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA verify return:1 depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org verify return:1 --- Certificate chain 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org   i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA 1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA   i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA 2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA   i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA --- Server certificate -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIHQDCCBiigAwIBAgIQD9B43Ujxor1NDyupa2A4/jANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADBN MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzEVMBMGA1UEChMMRGlnaUNlcnQgSW5jMScwJQYDVQQDEx5E aWdpQ2VydCBTSEEyIFNlY3VyZSBTZXJ2ZXIgQ0EwHhcNMTgxMTI4MDAwMDAwWhcN MjAxMjAyMTIwMDAwWjCBpTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgTCkNhbGlmb3Ju aWExFDASBgNVBAcTC0xvcyBBbmdlbGVzMTwwOgYDVQQKEzNJbnRlcm5ldCBDb3Jw b3JhdGlvbiBmb3IgQXNzaWduZWQgTmFtZXMgYW5kIE51bWJlcnMxEzARBgNVBAsT ClRlY2hub2xvZ3kxGDAWBgNVBAMTD3d3dy5leGFtcGxlLm9yZzCCASIwDQYJKoZI hvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBANDwEnSgliByCGUZElpdStA6jGaPoCkrp9vV rAzPpXGSFUIVsAeSdjF11yeOTVBqddF7U14nqu3rpGA68o5FGGtFM1yFEaogEv5g rJ1MRY/d0w4+dw8JwoVlNMci+3QTuUKf9yH28JxEdG3J37Mfj2C3cREGkGNBnY80 eyRJRqzy8I0LSPTTkhr3okXuzOXXg38ugr1x3SgZWDNuEaE6oGpyYJIBWZ9jF3pJ QnucP9vTBejMh374qvyd0QVQq3WxHrogy4nUbWw3gihMxT98wRD1oKVma1NTydvt hcNtBfhkp8kO64/hxLHrLWgOFT/l4tz8IWQt7mkrBHjbd2XLVPkCAwEAAaOCA8Ew ggO9MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFA+AYRyCMWHVLyjnjUY4tCzhxtniMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRm mGIC4AmRp9njNvt2xrC/oW2nvjCBgQYDVR0RBHoweIIPd3d3LmV4YW1wbGUub3Jn ggtleGFtcGxlLmNvbYILZXhhbXBsZS5lZHWCC2V4YW1wbGUubmV0ggtleGFtcGxl Lm9yZ4IPd3d3LmV4YW1wbGUuY29tgg93d3cuZXhhbXBsZS5lZHWCD3d3dy5leGFt cGxlLm5ldDAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCBaAwHQYDVR0lBBYwFAYIKwYBBQUHAwEGCCsG AQUFBwMCMGsGA1UdHwRkMGIwL6AtoCuGKWh0dHA6Ly9jcmwzLmRpZ2ljZXJ0LmNv bS9zc2NhLXNoYTItZzYuY3JsMC+gLaArhilodHRwOi8vY3JsNC5kaWdpY2VydC5j b20vc3NjYS1zaGEyLWc2LmNybDBMBgNVHSAERTBDMDcGCWCGSAGG/WwBATAqMCgG CCsGAQUFBwIBFhxodHRwczovL3d3dy5kaWdpY2VydC5jb20vQ1BTMAgGBmeBDAEC AjB8BggrBgEFBQcBAQRwMG4wJAYIKwYBBQUHMAGGGGh0dHA6Ly9vY3NwLmRpZ2lj ZXJ0LmNvbTBGBggrBgEFBQcwAoY6aHR0cDovL2NhY2VydHMuZGlnaWNlcnQuY29t L0RpZ2lDZXJ0U0hBMlNlY3VyZVNlcnZlckNBLmNydDAMBgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMIIB fwYKKwYBBAHWeQIEAgSCAW8EggFrAWkAdwCkuQmQtBhYFIe7E6LMZ3AKPDWYBPkb 37jjd80OyA3cEAAAAWdcMZVGAAAEAwBIMEYCIQCEZIG3IR36Gkj1dq5L6EaGVycX sHvpO7dKV0JsooTEbAIhALuTtf4wxGTkFkx8blhTV+7sf6pFT78ORo7+cP39jkJC AHYAh3W/51l8+IxDmV+9827/Vo1HVjb/SrVgwbTq/16ggw8AAAFnXDGWFQAABAMA RzBFAiBvqnfSHKeUwGMtLrOG3UGLQIoaL3+uZsGTX3MfSJNQEQIhANL5nUiGBR6g l0QlCzzqzvorGXyB/yd7nttYttzo8EpOAHYAb1N2rDHwMRnYmQCkURX/dxUcEdkC wQApBo2yCJo32RMAAAFnXDGWnAAABAMARzBFAiEA5Hn7Q4SOyqHkT+kDsHq7ku7z RDuM7P4UDX2ft2Mpny0CIE13WtxJAUr0aASFYZ/XjSAMMfrB0/RxClvWVss9LHKM MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQBzcIXvQEGnakPVeJx7VUjmvGuZhrr7DQOLeP4R 8CmgDM1pFAvGBHiyzvCH1QGdxFl6cf7wbp7BoLCRLR/qPVXFMwUMzcE1GLBqaGZM v1Yh2lvZSLmMNSGRXdx113pGLCInpm/TOhfrvr0TxRImc8BdozWJavsn1N2qdHQu N+UBO6bQMLCD0KHEdSGFsuX6ZwAworxTg02/1qiDu7zW7RyzHvFYA4IAjpzvkPIa X6KjBtpdvp/aXabmL95YgBjT8WJ7pqOfrqhpcmOBZa6Cg6O1l4qbIFH/Gj9hQB5I 0Gs4+eH6F9h3SojmPTYkT+8KuZ9w84Mn+M8qBXUQoYoKgIjN -----END CERTIFICATE----- subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA --- No client certificate CA names sent Peer signing digest: SHA256 Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits --- SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes --- New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 Server public key is 2048 bit Secure Renegotiation IS supported Compression: NONE Expansion: NONE No ALPN negotiated SSL-Session:    Protocol : TLSv1.2    Cipher  : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256    Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD    Session-ID-ctx:    Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5    Key-Arg  : None    Krb5 Principal: None    PSK identity: None    PSK identity hint: None    TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)    TLS session ticket:    0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61  h.Nw....ID@SM.a    0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e  .....QS..L..l.    0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85  ......NB....J.    0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54  8.&."...b..~...T    0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62  .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b    0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50  .s...c...x..Z..P    0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13  3N.K...1...eE`>.    0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf  ....K.......[...    0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a  .xt.....*....?Rz    0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93  .k......~.. ..K.    Start Time: 1574769867    Timeout  : 300 (sec)    Verify return code: 0 (ok) --- GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: max-age=604800 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT Etag: "3147526947+ident" Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8) Vary: Accept-Encoding X-Cache: HIT Content-Length: 1256 <!doctype html> <html> <head>    <title>Example Domain</title>    <meta charset="utf-8" />    <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />    <style type="text/css">    body {        background-color: #f0f0f2;        margin: 0;        padding: 0;        font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;    }    div {        width: 600px;        margin: 5em auto;        padding: 2em;        background-color: #fdfdff;        border-radius: 0.5em;        box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);    }    a:link, a:visited {        color: #38488f;        text-decoration: none;    }    @media (max-width: 700px) {        div {            margin: 0 auto;            width: auto;        }    }    </style> </head> <body> <div>    <h1>Example Domain</h1>    <p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this    domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>    <p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p> </div> </body> </html> 

ठेठ लिनक्स समस्याओं का समाधान

फ़ाइल स्वामी बदलें

 [user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp [user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp 

फ़ाइल अनुमतियां बदलें

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp [user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp [user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp -rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp -rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp [user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp [user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp -rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp [user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp [user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp -rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp 

एक बाइनरी फ़ाइल की सामग्री को प्रिंट करें

 [user@testhost ~]$ cat temp Content of a file. Lalalala... [user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp 0000000  C on  tent    ofaf  il 0000010  e . \n  L ala  lala .  . . \n 000001f [user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp 0000000  6f43 746e  6e65 2074 666f  6120 6620 6c69 0000010  2e65 4c0a  6c61 6c61 6c61  2e61 2e2e 000a 000001f [user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp 00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil| 00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....| 0000001f 

फ़ाइलें खोजें

 [user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*" test_dir/file_1 test_dir/file_2 test_dir/subdir/file_3 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test total 0 -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone -rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today [user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5 test/temp_clone 

फ़ाइलों में पाठ खोजें

 [user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/ test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1 test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2 test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3 

 [user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR" 

स्थापित पैकेज देखें

 yum list installed apt list --installed zypper se —installed-only pacman -Qqe dpkg -l rpm -qa 

देखें कि एक डायरेक्टरी ट्री कितना स्पेस लेती है

 [user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ 8,0K test_dir/subdir 20K test_dir/ 

 [user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h 8,0K test_dir/subdir 16K test_dir/subdir_2 36K test_dir/ [user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r 36K test_dir/ 16K test_dir/subdir_2 8,0K test_dir/subdir 

निर्देशिका में फ़ाइलों में, फ़ाइल में "ढूंढें और बदलें"

 sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt 

 [user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_* test content for file_1 test content for file_2 [user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_* [user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_* edited content for file_1 edited content for file_2 

आउटपुट से व्युत्पन्न कॉलम

 [user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}' PID 11023 25870 25871 25908 25909 

होस्ट नाम से आईपी पते का पता लगाएं

 [user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242 ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242 ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru. [user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru 87.250.250.242 [user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru Server: 8.8.8.8 Address: 8.8.8.8#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: ya.ru Address: 87.250.250.242 

नेटवर्क की जानकारी

 [user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500        inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255        inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>        ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)        RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)        RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0        TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)        TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536        inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0        inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>        loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)        RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)        RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0        TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)        TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ip a 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever    inet6 ::1/128 scope host       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000    link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff    inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever    inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default    link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0 

 [user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000    inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 

खुले बंदरगाह देखें

 [user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu 

सिस्टम जानकारी

 [user@testhost ~]$ uname -a Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux 

 [user@testhost ~]$ uname --help : uname []…     .    ,  -s.  -a, --all       ,   ,                        -p  -i,   :  -s, --kernel-name     -n, --nodename         -r, --release         -v, --kernel-version       -m, --machine           -p, --processor         «»  -i, --hardware-platform      «»  -o, --operating-system           --help             --version       

मेमोरी की जानकारी

 [user@testhost ~]$ free -h              total    used free   shared buff/cache available Mem:      3,9G 555M    143M 56M 3,2G    3,0G Swap:      0B 0B    0B 

फ़ाइल सिस्टम (मुक्त डिस्क स्थान) के बारे में जानकारी

 [user@testhost ~]$ df -hT         % C  /dev/vda1    ext4 79G     21G 55G 27% / devtmpfs     devtmpfs 2,0G      0 2,0G 0% /dev tmpfs      tmpfs 2,0G      0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm tmpfs      tmpfs 2,0G     57M 1,9G 3% /run tmpfs      tmpfs 2,0G      0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs      tmpfs 396M      0 396M 0% /run/user/1001 

सिस्टम पर कार्यों और विभिन्न आँकड़ों की जानकारी

 [user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10 top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27 Tasks: 2169 total,  2 running, 2080 sleeping,  0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers Swap:    0k total,   0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached    PID USER   PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND  25282 user   20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top   4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf   6718 root   20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server 

नेटवर्क ट्रैफ़िक डंप

 [user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345 

 [user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345 

 [user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes 14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5    0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@.\.....    0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........    0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,    0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........    0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00          ......... 

आउटपुट के बजाय