C＃8.0中计划的新功能

先前在C＃的次要版本中引入的所有工具都旨在不大改变语言。 它们更像是语法增强功能，是对C＃7.0的新功能的少量补充。

这种方法是有意的，并且仍然有效。

需要在开发的各个阶段（设计，实施和测试）进行更多工作的更严重的更改将仅与主要语言版本一起发布。 尽管C＃7的最终次要版本尚未发布，但团队已经在积极开发该语言的下一个主要版本：C＃8.0。

在本文中，我计划介绍可能在最终版本中发布的一些当前计划的功能。 所有这些都处于发展的初期，并且可能会发生变化。

可空引用类型

该工具已经在C＃7.0开发的早期阶段提供，但是一直推迟到下一个主要版本。 其目标是帮助开发人员避免未处理的NullReferenceException。

主要思想是允许您在确定变量的类型时指定其是否可以为null：

IWeapon? canBeNull;
IWeapon cantBeNull;

null , null -null , ( , , ):

canBeNull = null;       //  
cantBeNull = null;      // 
cantBeNull = canBeNull; // 

, nullable- null:

canBeNull.Repair();       // 
cantBeNull.Repair();      //  
if (canBeNull != null) {
    cantBeNull.Repair();  //  
}

, : , null. , null- .

nullability , . , .

Visual Studio 2017 15.6 update.

Records

, - C# , -.

:

public class Sword(int Damage, int Durability);

:

public class Sword : IEquatable<Sword>
{
    public int Damage { get; }
    public int Durability { get; }

    public Sword(int Damage, int Durability)
    {
        this.Damage = Damage;
        this.Durability = Durability;
    }

    public bool Equals(Sword other)
    {
        return Equals(Damage, other.Damage) 
            && Equals(Durability, other.Durability);
    }

    public override bool Equals(object other)
    {
        return (other as Sword)?.Equals(this) == true;
    }

    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
        return (Damage.GetHashCode() * 17 + Durability.GetHashCode());
    }

    public void Deconstruct(out int Damage, out int Durability)
    {
        Damage = this.Damage;
        Durability = this.Durability;
    }

    public Sword With(int Damage = this.Damage, int Durability 
        = this.Durability) => new Sword(Damage, Durability);
}

, , . GetHashCode - Dictionary Hashtable. Deconstruct :

var (damage, durability) = sword;

, , , . , , . , , With, :

var strongerSword = sword.With(Damage: 8);

, :

var strongerSword = sword with { Damage = 8 };

Recursive Patterns

C# 7.0. 8.0 :

. Deconstruct():

if (sword is Sword(10, var durability)) {
    //  ,  Damage = 10
    // durability   sword.Durability
}

(tuple) :

switch (state, transition)
{
    case (State.Running, Transition.Suspend):
        state = State.Suspended;
        break;
}

switch , . , :

state = (state, transition) switch {
    (State.Running, Transition.Suspend) => State.Suspended,
    (State.Suspended, Transition.Resume) => State.Running,
    (State.Suspended, Transition.Terminate) => State.NotRunning,
    (State.NotRunning, Transition.Activate) => State.Running,
    _ => throw new InvalidOperationException()
};

Default Interface Methods

, C# , :

interface ISample
{
    void M1();                                    // 
    void M2() => Console.WriteLine("ISample.M2"); // 
}

, :

abstract class SampleBase
{
    public abstract void M1();
    public void M2() => Console.WriteLine("SampleBase.M2");
}

, C# 8 , . , .

. , . , . , . , .

C#, .

, . , – trait .

, , . C# 8.0 , :

• , , , .
• , , . , .

Asynchronous Streams

C# . C# 8.0, . IEnumerable IEnumerator:

public interface IAsyncEnumerable<out T>
{
    IAsyncEnumerator<T> GetAsyncEnumerator();
}

public interface IAsyncEnumerator<out T> : IAsyncDisposable
{
    Task<bool> MoveNextAsync();
    T Current { get; }
}

, IDisposable:

public interface IAsyncDisposable
{
    Task DisposeAsync();
}

:

var enumerator = enumerable.GetAsyncEnumerator();
try
{
    while (await enumerator.WaitForNextAsync())
    {
        while (true)
        {
            Use(enumerator.Current);
        }
    }
}
finally
{
    await enumerator.DisposeAsync();
}

, . , foreach. :

foreach await (var item in enumerable)
{
    Use(item);
}

, foreach , .

, yield. , :

async IAsyncEnumerable<int> AsyncIterator()
{
    try
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
        {
            yield await GetValueAsync(i);
        }
    }
    finally
    {
        await HandleErrorAsync();
    }
}

LINQ.

Ranges

:

var range = 1..5;

, :

struct Range : IEnumerable<int>
{
    public Range(int start, int end);
    public int Start { get; }
    public int End { get; }
    public StructRangeEnumerator GetEnumerator();
    // overloads for Equals, GetHashCode...
}

:

• , :

Span<T> this[Range range]
{
    get
    {
        return ((Span<T>)this).Slice(start: range.Start, 
            length: range.End - range.Start);
    }
}

• IEnumerable, :

foreach (var index in min..max)
{
    //  
}

• , :

switch (value)
{
    case 1..5:
        //   
        break;
}

, , .., . , .

a[start:end] #   start  end-1
a[:end]      # items    end-1

Generic Attributes

. , , :

public class TypedAttribute : Attribute
{
    public TypedAttribute(Type type)
    {
        // ...
    }
}

, :

public class TypedAttribute<T> : Attribute
{
    public TypedAttribute()
    {
        // ...
    }
}

, , :

public TypedAttribute(T value)
{
    // ...
}

Default Literal in Deconstruction

C# 7, :

(int x, int y) = (default, default);

default, :

(int x, int y) = default;

Caller Argument Expression

C# 5, CallerMemberName, CallerFilePath CallerLineNumber) .

CallerMemberName INotifyPropertyChanged:

class ViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

    private void OnPropertyChanged([CallerMemberName] string propertyName = null)
    {
        PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
    }

    private int property;

    public int Property
    {
        get { return property; }
        set
        {
            if (value != property)
            {
                property = value;
                OnPropertyChanged();
            }
        }
    }
}

C# 8 CallerArgumentExpression, , :

public Validate(int[] array, [CallerArgumentExpression("array")] string arrayExpression = null)
{
    if (array == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(array), $"{arrayExpression} was null.");
    }
    if (array.Length == 0)
    {
        throw new ArgumentException($"{arrayExpression} was empty.", nameof(array));
    }
}

, , .

Target-typed new Expression

, var ( ) :

Dictionary<string, string> dictionary = new Dictionary<string, string>(); //  var
var dictionary = new Dictionary<string, string>(); //  var

(), , :

class DictionaryWrapper
{
    private Dictionary<string, string> dictionary = new Dictionary<string, string>();
    // ...
}

C# 8, new, :

class DictionaryWrapper
{
    private Dictionary<string, string> dictionary = new();
    // ...
}

, , . , .

Ordering of ref and partial Modifiers on Type Declarations

C# , partial struct class.

ref C# 7.2, partial , , ref struct, partial partial, .

, :

public ref struct NonPartialStruct { }
public ref partial struct PartialStruct { }

C# 8, , :

public partial ref struct PartialStruct { }

C# 8 . .
, C# 8.0, . , , . , , .

, , . .

C# 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3 — New Features (Updated).