入侵CAN总线汽车。 虚拟仪表板



在第一篇文章“为汽车提供语音控制中使用CAN总线”中,我直接连接到汽车门上的Comfort CAN总线,并检查了通过的交通状况,这使我能够确定用于控制车窗,中央锁定等的命令。

在本文中,我将告诉您如何组装自己的独特虚拟或数字仪表板,以及如何从VAG汽车(大众,奥迪,西亚特,斯柯达)中的任何传感器获取数据。

我基于MCP2515 TJA1050 Niren模块为Raspberry Pi组装了新的CAN嗅探器和CAN防护罩,并使用它们获得的数据用于Raspberry Pi的7英寸显示屏开发的数字仪表板。 除了简单地显示信息之外,数字面板还响应转向柱控制按钮和汽车中的其他事件。

作为绘图工具的框架,Kivy for Python很棒。 它无需Xs即可工作,并使用GL显示图形。

  1. Arduino Uno的CAN嗅探器
  2. 使用VAG-COM诊断系统(VCDS)收听请求
  3. 基于Raspberry Pi和7英寸显示屏的仪表板开发
  4. Python和Kivy中的仪表板软件(UI框架)
  5. 基于Raspberry Pi的数字仪表板的视频

根据削减,该项目的全面实施将很有趣!


驾驶员车门已打开

Arduino Uno的CAN嗅探器


为了收听VCDS发送到CAN总线的声音,我在Arduino和MCP2515 TJA1050 Niren模块的面包板上组装了一个嗅探器。



连接图如下:


为了收听流量,我使用了CanHackerV2分析仪和Arduino的arduino-canhacker固件,该固件实现了与此程序兼容的API。 Gith中的固件https://github.com/autowp/arduino-canhacker

CanHackerV2允许您按指定的时间间隔监视通过的流量,记录和播放命令,这极大地有助于数据分析。



使用VAG-COM诊断系统(VCDS)收听请求


官方网站ru.ross-tech.com上VCDS的描述:

VCDS硬件和软件扫描仪旨在诊断安装在VAG车辆上的电子控制系统。 可以访问所有系统:引擎,ACP,ABS,气候控制,车身电子设备等,读取和清除故障代码,显示当前参数,激活,基本设置,修改,编码等。



通过将嗅探器连接到诊断字符串中的CAN_L和CAN_H线路,我能够看到VCDS的要求以及汽车的响应。



VAG自动组的特殊之处在于,OBD2连接器通过网关连接到CAN总线,并且网关不传递通过网络的所有流量,即 如果使用嗅探器连接到OBD2连接器,将看不到任何东西。 要在OBD2连接器中接收数据,您需要向网关发送特殊请求。 当侦听VCDS的流量时,这些请求和响应是可见的。 例如,这是您获取里程的方式。


在VCDS中,您几乎可以从汽车中的任何传感器获取信息。 首先,我对通常不会整理的信息感兴趣,这是:

  • 油温
  • 哪个门开着

我还收到了速度,转数,冷却液温度,行驶里程,流量,油箱空间和其他要求,我将其发布以供参考。

// 
714 03 22 22 0D 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 22 0D 55 65 AA AA -  
77E 05 62 22 0D 00 65 AA AA -  
77E 05 62 22 0D 54 65 AA AA -  
77E 05 62 22 0D 51 65 AA AA -  
77E 05 62 22 0D 50 65 AA AA -    
77E 05 62 22 0D 45 65 AA AA -   
77E 05 62 22 0D 15 65 AA AA -   
77E 05 62 22 0D 44 65 AA AA -     
77E 05 62 22 0D 40 65 AA AA - , ,   
01010101 = 0x55 ( )
0  - 
2  - 
4  -  
6  -  

// 
714 03 22 22 05 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 22 05 21 AA AA AA - 
77E 05 62 22 05 20 AA AA AA -  

//  
714 03 22 22 0 55 55 55 55
77E 04 62 22 0C 55 AA AA AA - -7.5°
77E 04 62 22 0C 65 AA AA AA - 0.5 101°
77E 04 62 22 0C 66 AA AA AA - 1 = 102°
77E 04 62 22 0C 68 AA AA AA - 2 = 104°

//   
714 03 22 10 14 55 55 55 55
77E 04 62 10 14 84 AA AA AA - 16°

//  
714 03 22 22 94 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 22 94 00 8E AA AA - 142

//  
714 03 22 22 06 55 55 55 55
77E 04 62 22 06 2C AA AA AA - 44
77E 04 62 22 06 16 AA AA AA - 22

//     
714 03 22 22 96 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 22 96 01 9A AA AA - 41.0°

//  
714 03 22 F4 05 55 55 55 55
77E 04 62 F4 05 85 AA AA AA - 52.5°
77E 04 62 F4 05 87 AA AA AA - 54°
77E 04 62 F4 05 5 AA AA AA - 100.5°

//  
714 03 22 F4 0C 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 F4 0C 0B C6 AA AA - 753.5 /; 0BC6 = 3014/4 = 753
77E 05 62 F4 0C 0B DC AA AA - 759 /; 0BDC = 3036
77E 05 62 F4 0C 0B E8 AA AA - 762 /; 0BE8 = 3048
77E 05 62 F4 0C 1C 32 AA AA - 1804.5 /

//  
714 03 22 20 2F 55 55 55 55
77E 04 62 20 2F 36 AA AA AA - -4°
77E 04 62 20 2F 67 AA AA AA - 45°
77E 04 62 20 2F 68 AA AA AA - 46°

//    
746 03 22 26 13 55 55 55 55
7B0 05 62 26 13 00 5B AA AA - 9.1, 91 == 0x5B
7B0 05 62 26 13 00 5C AA AA - 9.2°
7B0 05 62 26 13 00 5D AA AA - 9.3°

// 
714 03 22 22 16 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 22 16 11 1E AA AA - 17:30

//   
714 03 22 22 1B 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 22 1B 80 AA AA AA -  
77E 05 62 22 1B 81 AA AA AA -  
77E 05 62 22 1B 84 AA AA AA -  

//   2
714 03 22 22 99 55 55 55 55
77E 03 62 22 99 00 91 AA AA - 14.5/100

//  
714 03 22 22 98 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 22 98 00 00 AA AA - 0.0/100

// 
714 03 22 22 03 55 55 55 55
77E 05 62 22 03 24 0 AA AA - 94080  0x240 * 10

Raspberry Pi 7″


Raspberry Pi. Android , , Raspberry Pi . 7″ , CAN TJA1050 Niren.



OBD2 ELM327 .



: CAN_L, CAN_H, +12, GND.



. , Raspberry Pi , , .



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Python Kivy (UI framework)


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. , , - 80-.




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, Linux . , : , , nodejs, . Qt PySide2 , , .. . Kivy — Python, .

Kivy , , OpenGL. 10 .

import can
import os
import sys
from threading import Thread
import time

os.environ['KIVY_GL_BACKEND'] = 'gl'
os.environ['KIVY_WINDOW'] = 'egl_rpi'

from kivy.app import App
from kivy.properties import NumericProperty
from kivy.properties import BoundedNumericProperty
from kivy.properties import StringProperty
from kivy.uix.label import Label
from kivy.uix.image import Image
from kivy.uix.floatlayout import FloatLayout
from kivy.uix.widget import Widget
from kivy.uix.scatter import Scatter
from kivy.animation import Animation

messageCommands = {
    'GET_DOORS_COMMAND': 0x220D,
    'GET_OIL_TEMPERATURE' : 0x202F,
    'GET_OUTDOOR_TEMPERATURE' : 0x220C,
    'GET_INDOOR_TEMPERATURE' : 0x2613,
    'GET_COOLANT_TEMPERATURE' : 0xF405,
    'GET_SPEED' : 0xF40D,
    'GET_RPM' : 0xF40C,
    'GET_KM_LEFT': 0x2294,
    'GET_FUEL_LEFT': 0x2206,
    'GET_TIME': 0x2216
}

bus = can.interface.Bus(channel='can0', bustype='socketcan')

python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import can
import os
import sys
from threading import Thread
import time

os.environ['KIVY_GL_BACKEND'] = 'gl'
os.environ['KIVY_WINDOW'] = 'egl_rpi'

from kivy.app import App
from kivy.properties import NumericProperty
from kivy.properties import BoundedNumericProperty
from kivy.properties import StringProperty
from kivy.uix.label import Label
from kivy.uix.image import Image
from kivy.uix.floatlayout import FloatLayout
from kivy.uix.widget import Widget
from kivy.uix.scatter import Scatter
from kivy.animation import Animation

messageCommands = {
    'GET_DOORS_COMMAND': 0x220D,
    'GET_OIL_TEMPERATURE' : 0x202F,
    'GET_OUTDOOR_TEMPERATURE' : 0x220C,
    'GET_INDOOR_TEMPERATURE' : 0x2613,
    'GET_COOLANT_TEMPERATURE' : 0xF405,
    'GET_SPEED' : 0xF40D,
    'GET_RPM' : 0xF40C,
    'GET_KM_LEFT': 0x2294,
    'GET_FUEL_LEFT': 0x2206,
    'GET_TIME': 0x2216
}

bus = can.interface.Bus(channel='can0', bustype='socketcan')

class PropertyState:
    def __init__(self, last, current):
        self.last = last
        self.current = current

    def lastIsNotNow(self):
        return self.last is not self.current

class CanListener(can.Listener):
    def __init__(self, dashboard):
        self.dashboard = dashboard
        self.speedStates = PropertyState(None,None)
        self.rpmStates = PropertyState(None,None)
        self.kmLeftStates = PropertyState(None,None)
        self.coolantTemperatureStates = PropertyState(None,None)
        self.oilTempratureStates = PropertyState(None,None)
        self.timeStates = PropertyState(None,None)
        self.outDoorTemperatureStates = PropertyState(None,None)
        self.doorsStates = PropertyState(None,None)
        self.carMinimized = True

    def on_message_received(self, message):
	 messageCommand = message.data[3] | message.data[2] << 8

        if message.arbitration_id == 0x77E and messageCommand == messageCommands['GET_SPEED']:
            self.speedStates.current = message.data[4]
            if self.speedStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.dashboard.speedometer.text = str(self.speedStates.current)
                self.speedStates.last = self.speedStates.current

        if message.arbitration_id == 0x77E and messageCommand == messageCommands['GET_RPM']:
            self.rpmStates.current = message.data[5] | message.data[4] << 8
            if self.rpmStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.dashboard.rpm.value = self.rpmStates.current/4
                self.rpmStates.last = self.rpmStates.current
        if message.arbitration_id == 0x35B:
            self.rpmStates.current = message.data[2] | message.data[1] << 8
            if self.rpmStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.dashboard.rpm.value = self.rpmStates.current/4
                self.rpmStates.last = self.rpmStates.current

        if message.arbitration_id == 0x77E and messageCommand == messageCommands['GET_KM_LEFT']:
            self.kmLeftStates.current = message.data[5] | message.data[4] << 8
            if self.kmLeftStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.dashboard.kmLeftLabel.text = str(self.kmLeftStates.current)
                self.kmLeftStates.last = self.kmLeftStates.current

        if message.arbitration_id == 0x77E and messageCommand == messageCommands['GET_COOLANT_TEMPERATURE']:
            self.coolantTemperatureStates.current = message.data[4]
            if self.coolantTemperatureStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.dashboard.coolantLabel.text = str(self.coolantTemperatureStates.current-81)
                self.coolantTemperatureStates.last = self.coolantTemperatureStates.current

        if message.arbitration_id == 0x77E and messageCommand == messageCommands['GET_OIL_TEMPERATURE']:
            self.oilTempratureStates.current = message.data[4]
            if self.oilTempratureStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.dashboard.oilLabel.text = str(self.oilTempratureStates.current-58)
                self.oilTempratureStates.last = self.oilTempratureStates.current

        if message.arbitration_id == 0x77E and messageCommand == messageCommands['GET_TIME']:
            self.timeStates.current = message.data[5] | message.data[4] << 8
            if self.timeStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.dashboard.clock.text = str(message.data[4]) + ":" + str(message.data[5])
                self.timeStates.last = self.timeStates.current

        if message.arbitration_id == 0x77E and messageCommand == messageCommands['GET_OUTDOOR_TEMPERATURE']:
            self.outDoorTemperatureStates.current = float(message.data[4])
            if self.outDoorTemperatureStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.dashboard.outDoorTemperatureLabel.text = str((self.outDoorTemperatureStates.current - 100)/2)
                self.outDoorTemperatureStates.last = self.outDoorTemperatureStates.current

        if message.arbitration_id == 0x77E and messageCommand == messageCommands['GET_DOORS_COMMAND']:
            self.doorsStates.current = message.data[4]
            if self.doorsStates.lastIsNotNow():
                self.doorsStates.last = self.doorsStates.current
                self.dashboard.car.doorsStates=message.data[4]

                # all doors closed -> minimize car
                if self.doorsStates.current == 0x55:
                    self.dashboard.minimizeCar()
                    self.carMinimized = True
                else:
                    if self.carMinimized:
                        self.dashboard.maximizeCar()
                        self.carMinimized = False
          
class Dashboard(FloatLayout):
    def __init__(self,**kwargs):
        super(Dashboard,self).__init__(**kwargs)

        # Background
        self.backgroundImage = Image(source='bg.png')
        self.add_widget(self.backgroundImage)

        # RPM
        self.rpm = Gauge(file_gauge = "gauge512.png", unit = 0.023, value=0, size_gauge=512, pos=(0,0))
        self.add_widget(self.rpm)
        self.rpm.value = -200

        # Speedometer
        self.speedometer = Label(text='0', font_size=80, font_name='hemi_head_bd_it.ttf', pos=(0,-15))
        self.add_widget(self.speedometer)

        # KM LEFT
        self.kmLeftLabel = Label(text='000', font_name='Avenir.ttc', halign="right", text_size=self.size, font_size=25, pos=(278,233))
        self.add_widget(self.kmLeftLabel)

        # COOLANT TEMPEARATURE
        self.coolantLabel = Label(text='00', font_name='hemi_head_bd_it.ttf', halign="right", text_size=self.size, font_size=27, pos=(295,-168))
        self.add_widget(self.coolantLabel)

        # OIL TEMPERATURE
        self.oilLabel = Label(text='00', font_name='hemi_head_bd_it.ttf', halign="right", text_size=self.size, font_size=27, pos=(-385,-168))
        self.add_widget(self.oilLabel)

        # CLOCK
        self.clock = Label(text='00:00', font_name='Avenir.ttc', font_size=27, pos=(-116,-202))
        self.add_widget(self.clock)

        # OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE
        self.outDoorTemperatureLabel = Label(text='00.0', font_name='Avenir.ttc', halign="right", text_size=self.size, font_size=27, pos=(76,-169))
        self.add_widget(self.outDoorTemperatureLabel)

        # CAR DOORS
        self.car = Car(pos=(257,84))
        self.add_widget(self.car)

    def minimizeCar(self, *args):
        print("min")
        anim = Animation(scale=0.5, opacity = 0, x = 400, y = 240, t='linear', duration=0.5)
        anim.start(self.car)

        animRpm = Animation(scale=1, opacity = 1, x = 80, y = -5, t='linear', duration=0.5)
        animRpm.start(self.rpm)

    def maximizeCar(self, *args):
        print("max")
        anim = Animation(scale=1, opacity = 1, x=257, y=84, t='linear', duration=0.5)
        anim.start(self.car)

        animRpm = Animation(scale=0.5, opacity = 0, x = 80, y = -5, t='linear', duration=0.5)
        animRpm.start(self.rpm)


class Car(Scatter):
    carImage = StringProperty("car362/car.png")

    driverDoorClosedImage = StringProperty("car362/driverClosedDoor.png")
    driverDoorOpenedImage = StringProperty("car362/driverOpenedDoor.png")

    passangerDoorClosedImage = StringProperty("car362/passangerClosedDoor.png")
    passangerDoorOpenedImage = StringProperty("car362/passangerOpenedDoor.png")

    leftDoorClosedImage = StringProperty("car362/leftClosedDoor.png")
    leftDoorOpenedImage = StringProperty("car362/leftOpenedDoor.png")

    rightDoorClosedImage = StringProperty("car362/rightClosedDoor.png")
    rightDoorOpenedImage = StringProperty("car362/rightOpenedDoor.png")

    doorsStates = NumericProperty(0)

    size = (286, 362)

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(Car, self).__init__(**kwargs)

        _car = Image(source=self.carImage, size=self.size)

        self.driverDoorOpened = Image(source=self.driverDoorOpenedImage, size=self.size)
        self.passangerDoorOpened = Image(source=self.passangerDoorOpenedImage, size=self.size)
        self.leftDoorOpened = Image(source=self.leftDoorOpenedImage, size=self.size)
        self.rightDoorOpened = Image(source=self.rightDoorOpenedImage, size=self.size)

        self.driverDoorClosed = Image(source=self.driverDoorClosedImage, size=self.size)
        self.passangerDoorClosed = Image(source=self.passangerDoorClosedImage, size=self.size)
        self.leftDoorClosed = Image(source=self.leftDoorClosedImage, size=self.size)
        self.rightDoorClosed = Image(source=self.rightDoorClosedImage, size=self.size)

        self.add_widget(_car)
        self.add_widget(self.driverDoorOpened)
        self.add_widget(self.passangerDoorOpened)
        self.add_widget(self.leftDoorOpened)
        self.add_widget(self.rightDoorOpened)

        self.bind(doorsStates=self._update)

    def _update(self, *args):
        driverDoorStates = self.doorsStates&1
        passangerDoorStates = self.doorsStates&4
        leftDoorStates = self.doorsStates&16
        rightDoorStates = self.doorsStates&64
        if driverDoorStates != 0:
            try:
                self.remove_widget(self.driverDoorOpened)
                self.add_widget(self.driverDoorClosed)
            except:
                pass
        else:
            try:
                self.remove_widget(self.driverDoorClosed)
                self.add_widget(self.driverDoorOpened)
            except:
                pass
        if passangerDoorStates != 0:
            try:
                self.remove_widget(self.passangerDoorOpened)
                self.add_widget(self.passangerDoorClosed)
            except:
                pass
        else:
            try:
                self.remove_widget(self.passangerDoorClosed)
                self.add_widget(self.passangerDoorOpened)
            except:
                pass
        if leftDoorStates != 0:
            try:
                self.remove_widget(self.leftDoorOpened)
                self.add_widget(self.leftDoorClosed)
            except:
                pass
        else:
            try:
                self.remove_widget(self.leftDoorClosed)
                self.add_widget(self.leftDoorOpened)
            except:
                pass
        if rightDoorStates != 0:
            try:
                self.remove_widget(self.rightDoorOpened)
                self.add_widget(self.rightDoorClosed)
            except:
                pass
        else:
            try:
                self.remove_widget(self.rightDoorClosed)
                self.add_widget(self.rightDoorOpened)
            except:
                pass

class Gauge(Scatter):
    unit = NumericProperty(1.125)
    zero = NumericProperty(116)
    value = NumericProperty(10) #BoundedNumericProperty(0, min=0, max=360, errorvalue=0)
    size_gauge = BoundedNumericProperty(512, min=128, max=512, errorvalue=128)
    size_text = NumericProperty(10)
    file_gauge = StringProperty("")

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(Gauge, self).__init__(**kwargs)

        self._gauge = Scatter(
            size=(self.size_gauge, self.size_gauge),
            do_rotation=False, 
            do_scale=False,
            do_translation=False
            )

        _img_gauge = Image(source=self.file_gauge, size=(self.size_gauge, self.size_gauge))

        self._needle = Scatter(
            size=(self.size_gauge, self.size_gauge),
            do_rotation=False,
            do_scale=False,
            do_translation=False
            )

        _img_needle = Image(source="arrow512.png", size=(self.size_gauge, self.size_gauge))


        self._gauge.add_widget(_img_gauge)
        self._needle.add_widget(_img_needle)

        self.add_widget(self._gauge)
        self.add_widget(self._needle)

        self.bind(pos=self._update)
        self.bind(size=self._update)
        self.bind(value=self._turn)

    def _update(self, *args):
        self._gauge.pos = self.pos
        self._needle.pos = (self.x, self.y)
        self._needle.center = self._gauge.center

    def _turn(self, *args):
        self._needle.center_x = self._gauge.center_x
        self._needle.center_y = self._gauge.center_y
        a = Animation(rotation=-self.value*self.unit + self.zero, t='in_out_quad',duration=0.05)
        a.start(self._needle)

class requestsLoop(Thread):
    def __init__(self):
        Thread.__init__(self)
        self.daemon = True
        self.start()

    canCommands = [
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_DOORS_COMMAND'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_DOORS_COMMAND'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_SPEED'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_SPEED'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_KM_LEFT'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_KM_LEFT'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_RPM'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_RPM'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_OIL_TEMPERATURE'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_OIL_TEMPERATURE'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_FUEL_LEFT'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_FUEL_LEFT'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_OUTDOOR_TEMPERATURE'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_OUTDOOR_TEMPERATURE'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x746, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_INDOOR_TEMPERATURE'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_INDOOR_TEMPERATURE'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_COOLANT_TEMPERATURE'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_COOLANT_TEMPERATURE'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False),
        can.Message(arbitration_id=0x714, data=[0x03, 0x22, messageCommands['GET_TIME'] >> 8, messageCommands['GET_TIME'] & 0xff, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55, 0x55], extended_id=False)
    ]

    def run(self):
        while True:
            for command in self.canCommands:
                bus.send(command)
                time.sleep(0.005)

class BoxApp(App):
    def build(self):
        dashboard = Dashboard();
        listener = CanListener(dashboard)
        can.Notifier(bus, [listener])

        return dashboard
        
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Send requests
    requestsLoop()

    _old_excepthook = sys.excepthook
    def myexcepthook(exctype, value, traceback):
        if exctype == KeyboardInterrupt:
            print "Handler code goes here"
        else:
            _old_excepthook(exctype, value, traceback)
    sys.excepthook = myexcepthook

    # Show dashboard
    BoxApp().run()


, 3 :

  1. (, , , )
  2. 5
  3. CAN ,

, . iOS, .

. !

https://github.com/aivs/blackCockpit

Raspberry Pi




24.06.2019




— , ELM327 Wi-Fi . OBD2 , CAN Wi-Fi.


VAG Virtual Cockpit AppStore. , iPhone/iPad, Android . .
, , !
VAG Virtual Cockpit


Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/zh-CN442184/


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